A Review of Commonly Used Medicinal Plants in The Western Region of Saudi Arabia

Life Sciences-Medicinal Sciences

Authors

  • Ali H. Amin Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia;Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.;Zoology Department, faculty of science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9752-602X
  • Muhammad Al-Harbi Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  • Amjed Rmani Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  • Hattan.Z. Jawa Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Faris Mohammed Qari Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Merai M. Manqari Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  • Naif A. ALSHMRANI Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  • Abdullah. T. Alghamdi Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Abdullah Almalki Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Saleh H . AL-Qarni Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Ahmed H Ismail Biology Department, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.6.L331-L348

Keywords:

Medicinal plants, Anti-cancer, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Bitter apple, Ginger, Roselle, Mint, Anise, Rosemary, Senna, Sidr.

Abstract

Writing a review on the use of medicinal plants involves evaluating their effectiveness and safety in treating various healthconditions. To comprehensively assess their therapeutic value, it is crucial to consider scientific evidence, traditional knowledge, andpotential side effects.This review aims to summarize and analyze the scientific research on the medical benefits of plants commonly usedin western Saudi Arabia. These plants are frequently utilized as food additives, flavorings, traditional drink ingredients, and various skinrelated applications. By examining the existing literature, this review provides an overview of the potential therapeutic propertiesassociated with these plants. The plants presented in the research are Citrullus colocynthis (Bitter apple), Zingiber officinale (Ginger),Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle), Mentha piperita (Mint), Pimpinella anisum (Anise), Salvia rosmarinus (Rosemary), Senna italic (Senna), ZiziphusSpinaChristi (Sidr). Firstly, when discussing plants, it begins by providing a general introduction. Subsequently, it shows the variousmedicinal advantages associated with each plant. Finally, conclude by summarizing the specific medicinal benefits offered by each plant.Our review has determined that the following plants - Bitter apple, Ginger, Roselle, Mint, Anise, Rosemary, Senna, and Sidr - possessbeneficial properties for diabetes. Except for Senna, all these plants positively affect cancer and inflammation. Similarly, all plants exceptRoselle demonstrate positive effects on microbes, while Anise and Roselle lack positive effects on oxidants. Additionally, Ginger, Anise,and Senna positively impact gastrointestinal health. Furthermore, Anise is known for its relaxant effects.

References

Halberstein RA. Medicinal plants: historical and cross-cultural usage patterns. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15(9):686-99. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.02.004, PMID 15921929.

Salmerón-Manzano E, Garrido-Cardenas JA, Manzano-Agugliaro F. Worldwide research trends on medicinal plants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103376, PMID 32408690.

El-Seedi HR, Khalifa SAM, Yosri N, Khatib A, Chen L, Saeed A, et al. Plants mentioned in the Islamic Scriptures (Holy Qur'ân and Ahadith): traditional uses and medicinal importance in contemporary times. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;243:112007. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112007, PMID 31170516.

Dafni A, Böck B. Medicinal plants of the Bible—revisited. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2019;15(1):1.

Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plants’ usage. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012;6(11):1-5. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.95849, PMID 22654398.

Thomas V, Nair SNV, Ved DK, Shankar D. Controversial identities of medicinal plants in classical literature of Ayurveda. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020;11(4):565-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2019.09.003, PMID 32070638.

Chen SL, Yu H, Luo HM, Wu Q, Li CF, Steinmetz A. Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects. Chin Med. 2016;11:37. doi: 10.1186/s13020-016-0108-7, PMID 27478496.

Alqethami A, Hawkins JA, Teixidor-Toneu I. Medicinal plants used by women in Mecca: urban, Muslim and gendered knowledge. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2017;13(1):62. doi: 10.1186/s13002-017-0193-4, PMID 29149859.

Ahvazi M, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, Charkhchiyan MM, Mojab F, Mozaffarian VA, Zakeri H. Introduction of medicinal plants species with the most traditional usage in Alamut region. Iran J Pharm Res. 2012;11(1):185-94. PMID 24250441.

Veeresham C. Natural products derived from plants as a source of drugs. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2012;3(4):200-1. doi: 10.4103/2231-4040.104709, PMID 23378939.

Desborough MJR, Keeling DM. The aspirin story - from willow to wonder drug. Br J Haematol. 2017;177(5):674-83. doi: 10.1111/bjh.14520, PMID 28106908.

Sofowora A, Ogunbodede E, Onayade A. The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013;10(5):210-29. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i5.2, PMID 24311829.

Parveen , Upadhyay B, Roy S, Kumar A. Traditional uses of medicinal plants among the rural communities of Churu district in the Thar Desert, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;113(3):387-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.010, PMID 17714898.

Huseini HF, Darvishzadeh F, Heshmat R, Jafariazar Z, Raza M, Larijani B. The clinical investigation of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad fruit in treatment of Type II diabetic patients: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2009;23(8):1186-9. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2754, PMID 19170143.

Rahbar AR, Nabipour I. The hypolipidemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis on patients with hyperlipidemia. Pak J Biol Sci. 2010;13(24):1202-7. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2010.1202.1207, PMID 21313901.

Lakhan SE, Ford CT, Tepper D. Zingiberaceae extracts for pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J. 2015;14:50. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0038-8, PMID 25972154.

Banihani SA. Ginger and testosterone. Biomolecules. 2018;8(4). doi: 10.3390/biom8040119, PMID 30360442.

Oladeji OS, Adelowo FE, Oluyori AP, Bankole DT. Ethnobotanical description and biological activities of Senna alata. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:2580259. doi: 10.1155/2020/2580259, PMID 32148534.

Ikram A, Khalid W, Saeed F, Arshad MS, Afzaal M, Arshad MU. Senna: as immunity boosting herb against Covid-19 and several other diseases. J Herb Med. 2023;37:100626. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100626, PMID 36644449.

Riaz G, Chopra R. A review on phytochemistry and therapeutic uses of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;102:575-86. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.023, PMID 29597091.

Parhoon M, Ejraee AK, Amiri F. The effect of magnesium on fresh weight, dry weight and potassium and calcium rate on Mentha saiva L. 2015.

Wang X-J, Luo Q, Li T, Meng P, Pu Y, Liu J, et al. Origin, evolution, breeding, and omics of Apiaceae: a family of vegetables and medicinal plants. Hortic Res. 2022;9. doi: 10.1093/hr/uhac076.

de Macedo LM, Santos ÉMD, Militão L, Tundisi LL, Ataide JA, Souto EB, et al. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L., syn Salvia Rosmarinus Spenn.) and its topical applications: a review. Plants (Basel). 2020;9(5). doi: 10.3390/plants9050651, PMID 32455585.

Diniz do Nascimento L, Moraes AAB, Costa KSD, Pereira Galúcio JM, Taube PS, Costa CML, et al. Bioactive natural compounds and antioxidant activity of essential oils from spice plants: new findings and potential applications. Biomolecules. 2020;10(7). doi: 10.3390/biom10070988, PMID 32630297.

Pawlowska AM, Camangi F, Bader A, Braca A. Flavonoids of Zizyphus jujuba L. and Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Willd (Rhamnaceae) fruits. Food Chem. 2009;112(4):858-62. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.053.

Rahimi R, Amin G, Ardekani MRS. A review on Citrullus colocynthis Schrad.: from traditional Iranian medicine to modern phytotherapy. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(6):551-4. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0297, PMID 22784342.

Shammala FA. Chemical properties and antibacterial effect of the oil from seeds of Citrullus colocynthis. Insights Org Inorg Chem. 2020;1(3):1-12.

Marzouk B, Marzouk Z, Décor R, Edziri H, Haloui E, Fenina N, et al. Antibacterial and anticandidal screening of Tunisian Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. from Medenine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;125(2):344-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.025, PMID 19397972.

Ali AR, Bahrami Y, Kakaei E, Mohammadzadeh S, Bouk S, Jalilian N. Isolation and identification of endophytic Actinobacteria from Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad and their antibacterial properties. Microb Cell Factories. 2022;21(1):206. doi: 10.1186/s12934-022-01936-9, PMID 36217205.

Akpambang VOE, Amoo IA, Izuagie AA. Comparative compositional analysis on two varieties of melon (Colocynthis Citrullus and Cucumeropsis edulis) and a variety of almond (Prunus amygdalus). Res J Agric Biol Sci. 2008;4(6):639-42.

Al-Hwaiti MS, Alsbou EM, Abu Sheikha G, Bakchiche B, Pham TH, Thomas RH, et al. Evaluation of the anticancer activity and fatty acids composition of ’Handal’ (Citrullus colocynthis L.) seed oil, a desert plant from south Jordan. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(1):282-9. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1994, PMID 33473292.

De Smet PAGM. Citrullus colocynthis. In: De Smet PAGM, editors. Adverse effects of herbal drugs. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Heidelberg: Berlin; 1997. p. 29-36. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-60367-9_4.

Hussain AI, Rathore HA, Sattar MZ, Chatha SA, Sarker SD, Gilani AH. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (bitter apple fruit): a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses and nutritional potential. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155(1):54-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.011, PMID 24936768.

Rahimi R, Amin G, Ardekani MRS. A review on Citrullus colocynthis Schrad.: from traditional Iranian medicine to modern phytotherapy. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(6):551-4. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0297, PMID 22784342.

Gurudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T. Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis): an overview of chemical composition and biomedical potentials. Asian J Plant Sci. 2010;9(7):394-401. doi: 10.3923/ajps.2010.394.401.

Arshed Iqbal D, Chandra SR, Kumar BS. Hepatoprotection: a hallmark of Citrullus colocynthis L. against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino rats. Am J Plant Sci. 2012;2012.

Ebrahimi E, et al. Effects of Hydro-Alcoholic Leaf Extract of Citrullus colocynthis on Biochemical Factors and Histopathological Changes in streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2016;11(3):e33214.

Chen Y, Sa Y, Wang G, Pan X, Zhen Y, Cheng X, et al. The protective effects of Citrullus colocynthis on inhibiting oxidative damage and autophagy-associated cell death in Parkinson’s disease. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2019;100:18-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.04.003.

Mehrzadi S, Shojaii A, Pur SA, Motevalian M. Anticonvulsant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Citrullus colocynthis Fruit: involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2016;21(4): p:NP31-5. doi: 10.1177/2156587215615455, PMID 26634927.

Soufane S, et al. Acute Toxicity study on Citrullus colocynthis fruit methanol extract in Albino rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2013;3(6):088-93.

Javadzadeh HR, Davoudi A, Davoudi F, Valizadegan G, Goodarzi H, Mahmoodi S, et al. Citrullus colocynthis as the Cause of Acute Rectorrhagia. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2013;2013:652192. doi: 10.1155/2013/652192, PMID 23819072.

Al-Yahya MA, Al-Farhan AH, Adam SEI. Preliminary toxicity study on the individual and combined effects of Citrullus colocynthis and nerium oleander in rats. Fitoterapia. 2000;71(4):385-91. doi: 10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00135-0.

Shafaei H. Citrullus colocynthis as a medicinal or poisonous plant: a revised fact. J Med Plants Res. 2012;6(36):4922-7. doi: 10.5897/JMPR11.264.

Rezvani M, et al. Citrullus Colocynthis (bitter apple) Poisoning; A case report. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2011;5(2).

Marzouk B, Marzouk Z, Haloui E, Fenina N, Bouraoui A, Aouni M. Screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Citrullus colocynthis from southern Tunisia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):15-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.027, PMID 19962436.

Barzegar Bafrouei MH, Khazali H, Kalantar SM, Khoradmehr A. The comparative effect of Citrullus colocynthis hydro-alcoholic extract and metformin on morphometric ovarian follicles disorders in Estradilol valerate Iinduced-polycystic ovary syndrome rats. Galen Med J. 2018;7:e1045. doi: 10.22086/gmj.v0i0.1045, PMID 34466428.

Pashmforosh M, Rajabi Vardanjani H, Rajabi Vardanjani H, Pashmforosh M, Khodayar MJ. Topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Citrullus colocynthis extract cream in rats. Med (Kaunas Lith). 2018;54(4). doi: 10.3390/medicina54040051, PMID 30344282.

Perveen S, Ashfaq H, Ambreen S, Ashfaq I, Kanwal Z, Tayyeb A. Methanolic extract of Citrullus colocynthis suppresses growth and proliferation of breast cancer cells through regulation of cell cycle. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021;28(1):879-86. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.029, PMID 33424379.

Chowdhury K, Sharma A, Kumar S, Gunjan GK, Nag A, Mandal CC. Colocynth extracts prevent epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stemness of breast cancer cells. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:593. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00593, PMID 28928657.

Saeed MEM, Boulos JC, Elhaboub G, Rigano D, Saab A, Loizzo MR, et al. Cytotoxicity of cucurbitacin E from Citrullus colocynthis against multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Phytomedicine. 2019;62:152945. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152945, PMID 31132750.

Qari SH. Cytotoxic and genotoxic assessment of Citrullus colocynthis. Int J Sci Res Rev (IJSRR). 2016;5(2):20-39.

Saqban LH, Abdul Alamir Mezher Z, Hussain Ali I. Cytotoxic effect of the crude alcoholic extract of the fruits of Citrullus colocynthis on human hepatocyte carcinoma (hep-G2). Arch Razi Inst. 2022;77(4):1389-95. doi: 10.22092/ARI.2022.357807.2104, PMID 36883161.

Abdel-Hassan IA, Abdel-Barry JA, Tariq Mohammeda ST. The hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruit aqueous extract in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71(1-2):325-30. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00215-9, PMID 10904181.

Agarwal V, Sharma AK, Upadhyay A, Singh G, Gupta R. Hypoglycemic effects of Citrullus colocynthis roots. Acta Pol Pharm. 2012;69(1):75-9. PMID 22574509.

Lahfa FB, Azzi R, Mezouar D, Djaziri R. Hypoglycemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis extracts. Phytothérapie. 2017;15(2):50-6. doi: 10.1007/s10298-015-0997-4.

Drissi F, Lahfa F, Gonzalez T, Peiretti F, Tanti JF, Haddad M, et al. A Citrullus colocynthis fruit extract acutely enhances insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in adipocytes by increasing PKB phosphorylation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;270:113772. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113772, PMID 33418030.

Shi C, Karim S, Wang C, Zhao M, Murtaza G. A review on antidiabetic activity of Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. Acta Pol Pharm. 2014;71(3):363-7. PMID 25265814.

Ostovan F, Gol A, Javadi A. Investigating the effects of Citrullus colocynthis pulp on oxidative stress in testes and epididymis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2017;15(1):41-8. doi: 10.29252/ijrm.15.1.41, PMID 28280799.

Gurudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T. Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis): an overview of chemical composition and biomedical potentials. Asian J Plant Sci. 2010;9(7):394-401. doi: 10.3923/ajps.2010.394.401.

Khemmar L, et al. Antiobesity and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis oil in the offspring of obese rats; 2012.

Hameed B, Ali Q, Hafeez M, Malik A. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of fruit, seed and root extracts of Citrullus colocynthis plant. Biol Clin Sci Res J;2020(1). doi: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2020i1.33.

Hadizadeh I, Peivastegan B, Kolahi M. Antifungal activity of nettle (Urtica dioica L.), colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad), oleander (nerium oleander L.) and konar (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) extracts on plants pathogenic fungi. Pak J Biol Sci. 2009;12(1):58-63. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.58.63, PMID 19579919.

Al-Ardi MH. Anti-parasitic activity of Nano Citrullus colocynthis and Nano Capparis spinose against Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. J Parasit Dis. 2021;45(3):845-50. doi: 10.1007/s12639-021-01371-4, PMID 34475668.

Benariba N, Djaziri R, Bellakhdar W, Belkacem N, Kadiata M, Malaisse WJ, et al. Phytochemical screening and free radical scavenging activity of Citrullus colocynthis seeds extracts. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(1):35-40. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60020-9, PMID 23570014.

Jeong SM, Kim SY, Kim DR, Jo SC, Nam KC, Ahn DU, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from citrus peels. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(11):3389-93. doi: 10.1021/jf049899k, PMID 15161203.

Kumar S, Kumar D, Manjusha, Saroha K, Singh N, Vashishta B. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of (L.) Schrad. methanolic fruit extract. Acta Pharm. 2008;58(2):215-20. doi: 10.2478/v10007-008-0008-1, PMID 18515231.

Ribeiro DA, Camilo CJ, de Fátima Alves Nonato C, Rodrigues FFG, Menezes IRA, Ribeiro-Filho J, et al. Influence of seasonal variation on phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Secondatia floribunda A. DC. (Apocynaceae). Food Chem. 2020;315:126277. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126277, PMID 32004983.

Deng N, Chang E, Li M, Ji J, Yao X, Bartish IV, et al. Transcriptome characterization of Gnetum parvifolium reveals candidate genes involved in important secondary metabolic pathways of flavonoids and stilbenoids. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:174. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00174, PMID 26973657.

Lemos MF, Lemos MF, Pacheco HP, Guimarães AC, Fronza M, Endringer DC, et al. Seasonal variation affects the composition and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Thymus vulgaris. Ind Crops Prod. 2017;95:543-8. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.11.008.

Amamou F, Nemmiche S, Meziane RK, Didi A, Yazit SM, Chabane-Sari D. Protective effect of olive oil and colocynth oil against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the liver of Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015;78:177-84. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.001, PMID 25617810.

Csakvari AC. Fatty acids profile and antioxidant activity of almond oils obtained from six Romanian varieties. Farmacia. 2019;67(5):882-7. doi: 10.31925/farmacia.2019.5.19.

Al-Nablsi S, El-Keblawy A, Ali MA, Mosa KA, Hamoda AM, Shanableh A, et al. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of Citrullus colocynthis Fruits, growing in the hot arid desert of the UAE, influenced by the fruit parts, accessions, and seasons of fruit collection. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;11(4). doi: 10.3390/antiox11040656, PMID 35453341.

Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q. Pharmacological uses and health benefits of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in traditional Asian and ancient Chinese medicine, and modern practice. Not Sci Biol. 2019;11(3):309-19. doi: 10.15835/nsb11310419.

Ali A, Gilani AH. Medicinal value of ginger with focus on its use in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Int J Food Prop. 2007;10(2):269-78. doi: 10.1080/10942910601045297.

Mao QQ, Xu XY, Cao SY, Gan RY, Corke H, Beta T, et al. Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods. 2019;8(6). doi: 10.3390/foods8060185, PMID 31151279.

Imtiyaz S, et al. Zingiber officinale Rosc.: a traditional herb with medicinal properties. CELLMED. 2013;3(4):26-1.

Bode AM, Dong Z. The amazing and mighty ginger. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. Boca Raton, (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011:131-56. doi: 10.1201/b10787-8.

Shukla Y, Singh M. Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45(5):683-90. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.11.002, PMID 17175086.

Habib SHM, Makpol S, Abdul Hamid NA, Das S, Ngah WZ, Yusof YA. Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008;63(6):807-13. doi: 10.1590/s1807-59322008000600017, PMID 19061005.

Abdel-Rasol MA, El-Beih NM, Yahya SS, El-Sayed WM. The antitumor activity of ginger against colorectal cancer induced by dimethylhydrazine in rats. Anti Cancer Agents Med Chem (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents). 2022;22(8):1601-10. doi: 10.2174/1871520621666210903112813, PMID 34477526.

Akimoto M, Iizuka M, Kanematsu R, Yoshida M, Takenaga K. Anticancer effect of ginger extract against pancreatic cancer cells mainly through reactive oxygen species-mediated autotic cell death. PLOS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0126605. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126605, PMID 25961833.

Huang FY, Deng T, Meng LX, Ma XL. Dietary ginger as a traditional therapy for blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2019;98(13):e15054. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015054, PMID 30921234.

Khandouzi N, Shidfar F, Rajab A, Rahideh T, Hosseini P, Mir Taheri M. The effects of ginger on fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin a1c, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein a-I and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetic patients. Iran J Pharm Res. 2015;14(1):131-40. PMID 25561919.

Mekuriya W, Mekibib B. Review on the medicinal values of ginger for human and animal ailments. J Vet Sci Technol. 2018;09(2). doi: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000519.

Sayed S, Ahmed M, El-Shehawi A, Alkafafy M, Al-Otaibi S, El-Sawy H, et al. Ginger water reduces body weight gain and improves energy expenditure in rats. Foods. 2020;9(1). doi: 10.3390/foods9010038, PMID 31906567.

Ebrahimzadeh Attari V, Malek Mahdavi A, Javadivala Z, Mahluji S, Zununi Vahed S, Ostadrahimi A. A systematic review of the anti-obesity and weight lowering effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and its mechanisms of action. Phytother Res. 2018;32(4):577-85. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5986, PMID 29193411.

Zhang S, Kou X, Zhao H, Mak KK, Balijepalli MK, Pichika MR. Zingiber officinale var. rubrum: red Ginger’s Medicinal Uses. Molecules. 2022;27(3). doi: 10.3390/molecules27030775, PMID 35164040.

Gumbarewicz E, Jarząb A, Stepulak A, Kukula-Koch W. Zingiber officinale Rosc. in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome Disorders-A Review of in vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(24). doi: 10.3390/ijms232415545, PMID 36555184.

Zadeh JB, Kor NM. Physiological and pharmaceutical effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) as a valuable medicinal plant. Eur J Exp Biol. 2014;4(1):87-90.

Karuppiah P, Rajaram S. Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(8):597-601. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60104-X, PMID 23569978.

Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4;Suppl 1:S36-42. PMID 23717767.

Fahmi A, Hassanen N, Abdur-Rahman M, Shams-Eldin E. Phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on diethylnitrosamine toxicity in rats. Biomarkers. 2019;24(5):436-47. doi: 10.1080/1354750X.2019.1606280, PMID 30979347.

Kikuzaki H, Nakatani N. Cyclic diarylheptanoids from rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry. 1996;43(1):273-7. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(96)00214-2.

Langmead L, Rampton DS. Review article: herbal treatment in gastrointestinal and liver disease--benefits and dangers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15(9):1239-52. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01053.x, PMID 11552894.

Wu KL, Rayner CK, Chuah SK, Changchien CS, Lu SN, Chiu YC, et al. Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20(5):436-40. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f4b224, PMID 18403946.

Jamrozik D, Borymska W, Kaczmarczyk-Żebrowska I. Hibiscus sabdariffa in Diabetes Prevention and Treatment-Does It Work? An evidence-based review. Foods. 2022;11(14). doi: 10.3390/foods11142134.

Riaz G, Chopra R. A review on phytochemistry and therapeutic uses of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;102:575-86. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.023, PMID 29597091.

Hassan STS, Berchová K, Šudomová M. Antimicrobial, antiparasitic and anticancer properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa (L.) and its phytochemicals: in vitro and in vivo studies. Ceska Slov Farm. 2016;65(1):10-4. PMID 27118499.

Mohamed AI, Salau VF, Erukainure OL, Islam MS. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. polyphenolic-rich extract promotes muscle glucose uptake and inhibits intestinal glucose absorption with concomitant amelioration of Fe2+-induced hepatic oxidative injury. J Food Biochem. 2022;46(12):e14399. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.14399, PMID 36259155.

Ali SAE, Mohamed AH, Mohammed GEE. Fatty acid composition, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. seeds. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2014;1(2):50-7. doi: 10.5455/javar.2014.a13.

Laskar YB, Mazumder PB. Insight into the molecular evidence supporting the remarkable chemotherapeutic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;127:110153. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110153, PMID 32344257.

Carvalho M, Ferreira PJ, Mendes VS, Silva R, Pereira JA, Jerónimo C, et al. Human cancer cell antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Juglans regia L. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(1):441-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.043, PMID 19883717.

Montalvo-González E, Villagrán Z, González-Torres S, Iñiguez-Muñoz LE, Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Ruvalcaba-Gómez JM, et al. Physiological effects and human health benefits of Hibiscus sabdariffa: a review of clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;15(4). doi: 10.3390/ph15040464, PMID 35455462.

Sarbini DWI, et al. The effect of rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa linn) on insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized clinical trial; 2019.

Ojulari OV, Lee SG, Nam J-O. Beneficial effects of natural bioactive compounds from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on obesity. Molecules. 2019;24(1). doi: 10.3390/molecules24010210.

Singh M, Thrimawithana T, Shukla R, Adhikari B. Inhibition of enzymes associated with obesity by the polyphenol-rich extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Food Biosci. 2022;50:101992. doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101992.

Mohd-Esa N, Hern FS, Ismail A, Yee CL. Antioxidant activity in different parts of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts and potential exploitation of the seeds. Food Chem. 2010;122(4):1055-60. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.074.

Trevisan SCC, et al. Properties of Mentha piperita: a brief review. World J Pharm Res. 2017;3(1):309-13.

Šarić-Kundalić B. Multivariate numerical taxonomy of Mentha species, hybrids, varieties and cultivars. Sci Pharm. 2009;77(4):851-76. doi: 10.3797/scipharm.0905-10.

Shelepova OV, Tkacheva EV, Golosova EV. The history of the introduction of peppermint (Mentha× piperita L.) in Imperial, Russia. EDP Sciences.

Rodriguez-Fragoso L, Reyes-Esparza J, Burchiel SW, Herrera-Ruiz D, Torres E. Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008;227(1):125-35. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005, PMID 18037151.

Hausen BM. [Toothpaste allergy]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1984;109(8):300-2. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1069184, PMID 6697920.

Szema AM, Barnett T. Allergic reaction to mint leads to asthma. Allergy Rhinol (Providence). 2011;2(1):43-5. doi: 10.2500/ar.2011.2.0008, PMID 22852115.

Hejna M, Kovanda L, Rossi L, Liu Y. Mint oils: in vitro ability to perform anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities and to enhance intestinal barrier integrity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(7). doi: 10.3390/antiox10071004, PMID 34201645.

Yi W, Chen R, Xie F, Xu C, Tian W. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of Mentha piperita green-formulated gold nanoparticles and its effect on ovalbumin-induced asthma and lung pathological changes in rats. J Exp Nanosci. 2022;17(1):163-72. doi: 10.1080/17458080.2022.2033730.

Saravanan R, Natesan R, C Samiappan S, Ramalingam S. Anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activity of Mentha piperita Against Mcf-7 cells. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2021;14(3):1685-93. doi: 10.13005/bpj/2270.

Abdel-Hameed E-SS, S. Salman M, A. Fadl M, Elkhateeb A, A. El-Awady M. Chemical composition of hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave extraction of essential oils from Mentha piperita L. growing in Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and their anticancer and antimicrobial activity. Orient J Chem. 2018;34(1):222-33. doi: 10.13005/ojc/340125.

Barbalho SM, Damasceno DC, Spada AP, da Silva VS, Martuchi KA, Oshiiwa M, et al. Metabolic profile of offspring from diabetic Wistar rats treated with Mentha piperita (peppermint). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:430237. doi: 10.1155/2011/430237, PMID 21647314.

Hamad Al-Mijalli S, ELsharkawy ER, Abdallah EM, Hamed M, El Omari N, Mahmud S, et al. Determination of volatile compounds of Mentha piperita and Lavandula multifida and investigation of their antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:9306251. doi: 10.1155/2022/9306251, PMID 35747375.

Naureen I, Saleem A, Sagheer F, Liaqat S, Gull S, Fatima M, et al. Chemical composition and therapeutic effect of Mentha species on human physiology. Scholars Bulletin. 2022;8(1):25-32. doi: 10.36348/sb.2022.v08i01.004.

Singh R, Shushni MAM, Belkheir A. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Mentha piperita L. Arab J Chem. 2015;8(3):322-8. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.01.019.

Pl'uchtová, M., et al. Antimicrobial activity of two Mentha species essential oil and its dependence on different origin and chemical diversity. Nat Prod Commun. 2018;13(8): p. 1934578X1801300832.

Mimica-Dukić N, Bozin B, Soković M, Mihajlović B, Matavulj M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta Med. 2003;69(5):413-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-39704, PMID 12802721.

Alotaibi MF. Pimpinella anisum extract attenuates spontaneous and agonist-induced uterine contraction in term-pregnant rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;254:112730. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112730, PMID 32145331.

Wu J, Cao Z, Hassan SSU, Zhang H, Ishaq M, Yu X, et al. Emerging biopharmaceuticals from Pimpinella Genus. Molecules. 2023;28(4). doi: 10.3390/molecules28041571, PMID 36838559.

Lavaee F, Moqadas A, Modarresi F, Nowrouzi M. The effect of Pimpinella anisum and Origanum vulgare extracts against Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus salivarius. J Dent (Shiraz). 2022;23(2):113-20. doi: 10.30476/DENTJODS.2021.85691.1145, PMID 35783492.

Pourgholami MH, Majzoob S, Javadi M, Kamalinejad M, Fanaee GH, Sayyah M. The fruit essential oil of Pimpinella anisum exerts anticonvulsant effects in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;66(2):211-5. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00161-5, PMID 10433480.

Tirapelli CR, de Andrade CR, Cassano AO, De Souza FA, Ambrosio SR, da Costa FB, et al. Antispasmodic and relaxant effects of the hidroalcoholic extract of Pimpinella anisum (Apiaceae) on rat anococcygeus smooth muscle. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(1):23-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.031, PMID 17027208.

Heidari MR, Ayeli M. Effects of methyl alcoholic extract of Pimpinella anisum L. on picrotoxin induced seizure in mice and its probable mechanism. 2005.

Al Mofleh IA, Alhaider AA, Mossa JS, Al-Soohaibani MO, Rafatullah S. Aqueous suspension of anise ’Pimpinella anisum’ protects rats against chemically induced gastric ulcers. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(7):1112-8. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i7.1112, PMID 17373749.

Boskabady MH, Ramazani-Assari M. Relaxant effect of Pimpinella anisum on isolated guinea pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s). J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;74(1):83-8. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00314-7, PMID 11137352.

Tas A, et al. Evaluation of analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of Pimpinella anisum fixed oil extract. Indian Vet J. 2006;83(8).

Bakhshi M, Kamalinejad M, Shokri M, Forouzani G, Heidari F, Tofangchiha M. In vitro antibacterial effect of Pimpinella anisum essential oil on Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Folia Med. 2022;64(5):799-806. doi: 10.3897/folmed.64.e64714, PMID 36876532.

Lee JB, Yamagishi C, Hayashi K, Hayashi T. Antiviral and immunostimulating effects of lignin-carbohydrate-protein complexes from Pimpinella anisum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2011;75(3):459-65. doi: 10.1271/bbb.100645, PMID 21389629.

Abdul-Ghani A-S, El-lati SG, Sacaan AI, Suleiman MS, Amin RM. Anticonvulsant effects of some Arab medicinal plants. Int J Crude Drug Res. 1987;25(1):39-43. doi: 10.3109/13880208709060909.

Gilligan NP. The palliation of nausea in hospice and palliative care patients with essential oils of Pimpinella anisum (aniseed), Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce (sweet fennel), Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile) and Mentha x piperita (peppermint). Int J Aromather. 2005;15(4):163-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijat.2005.10.012.

Picon PD, Picon RV, Costa AF, Sander GB, Amaral KM, Aboy AL, et al. Randomized clinical trial of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, and Cassia augustifolia for chronic constipation. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:17. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-17, PMID 20433751.

Borges RS, Ortiz BLS, Pereira ACM, Keita H, Carvalho JCT. Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: a review of its phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory activity, and mechanisms of action involved. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;229:29-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.038, PMID 30287195.

Annemer S, Farah A, Stambouli H, Assouguem A, Almutairi MH, Sayed AA, et al. Chemometric investigation and antimicrobial activity of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn essential oils. Molecules. 2022;27(9). doi: 10.3390/molecules27092914, PMID 35566267.

de Oliveira JR, Camargo SEA, de Oliveira LD. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) as therapeutic and prophylactic agent. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s12929-019-0499-8, PMID 30621719.

Pieracci Y, Ciccarelli D, Giovanelli S, Pistelli L, Flamini G, Cervelli C, et al. Antimicrobial activity and composition of five Rosmarinus (now Salvia spp. and varieties) essential oils. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;10(9). doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10091090, PMID 34572672.

Herrera J. Flower size variation in Rosmarinus officinalis: individuals, populations and habitats. Ann Bot. 2005;95(3):431-7. doi: 10.1093/aob/mci041, PMID 15585545.

Brindisi M, Bouzidi C, Frattaruolo L, Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Dugay A, et al. Chemical profile, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects of Italian Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. methanol leaves extracts. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2020;9(9). doi: 10.3390/antiox9090826, PMID 32899385.

Grigore A, Vulturescu V, Neagu G, Ungureanu P, Panteli M, Rasit I. Antioxidant-anti-inflammatory evaluation of a polyherbal formula. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;15(2). doi: 10.3390/ph15020114, PMID 35215227.

Ghasemian M, Owlia S, Owlia MB. Review of anti-inflammatory herbal medicines. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2016;2016:9130979. doi: 10.1155/2016/9130979, PMID 27247570.

Allegra A, Tonacci A, Pioggia G, Musolino C, Gangemi S. Anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L.: mechanisms of action and therapeutic potentials. Nutrients. 2020;12(6). doi: 10.3390/nu12061739, PMID 32532056.

Moore J, Yousef M, Tsiani E. Anticancer effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract and rosemary extract polyphenols. Nutrients. 2016;8(11). doi: 10.3390/nu8110731, PMID 27869665.

Jaglanian A, Tsiani E. Rosemary extract inhibits proliferation, survival, Akt, and mTOR signaling in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(3). doi: 10.3390/ijms21030810, PMID 32012648.

Sharabani H, Izumchenko E, Wang Q, Kreinin R, Steiner M, Barvish Z, et al. Cooperative antitumor effects of vitamin D3 derivatives and rosemary preparations in a mouse model of myeloid leukemia. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(12):3012-21. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21736, PMID 16395705.

Diab F, Zbeeb H, Baldini F, Portincasa P, Khalil M, Vergani L. The potential of Lamiaceae herbs for mitigation of overweight, obesity, and fatty liver: studies and perspectives. Molecules. 2022;27(15). doi: 10.3390/molecules27155043, PMID 35956991.

He X, Zhang M, Li ST, Li X, Huang Q, Zhang K, et al. Alteration of gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese mice using carnosic acid from rosemary. Food Sci Nutr. 2022;10(7):2325-32. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.2841, PMID 35844908.

Romo Vaquero M, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, García Villalba R, Larrosa M, Fromentin E, Ibarra A, et al. Inhibition of gastric lipase as a mechanism for body weight and plasma lipids reduction in Zucker rats fed a rosemary extract rich in carnosic acid. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(6):e39773. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039773, PMID 22745826.

Khin M, Knowles SL, Crandall WJ, Jones DD, Oberlies NH, Cech NB, et al. Capturing the antimicrobial profile of Rosmarinus officinalis against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with bioassay-guided fractionation and bioinformatics. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2021;197:113965. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113965, PMID 33640687.

Macedo LMd, Santos ÉMD, Ataide JA, Silva GTSE, Guarnieri JPO, Lancellotti M, et al. Development and evaluation of an antimicrobial formulation containing Rosmarinus officinalis. Molecules. 2022;27(16). doi: 10.3390/molecules27165049, PMID 36014289.

Du W, Gao Y, Liu L, Sai S, Ding C. Striking back against fungal infections: the utilization of nanosystems for antifungal strategies. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(18). doi: 10.3390/ijms221810104, PMID 34576268.

Meccatti VM, Figueiredo-Godoi LMA, Pereira TC, de Lima PMN, Abu Hasna A, Senna LB, et al. The biocompatibility and antifungal effect of Rosmarinus officinalis against Candida albicans in Galleria mellonella model. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):15611. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19425-9, PMID 36114199.

Karpiński TM. Essential oils of Lamiaceae Family Plants as antifungals. Biomolecules. 2020;10(1). doi: 10.3390/biom10010103, PMID 31936168.

Li Pomi F, Papa V, Borgia F, Vaccaro M, Allegra A, Cicero N, et al. Rosmarinus officinalis and Skin: antioxidant Activity and Possible Therapeutical Role in cutaneous Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2023;12(3). doi: 10.3390/antiox12030680, PMID 36978928.

Calderón-Oliver M, Ponce-Alquicira E. Environmentally friendly techniques and their comparison in the extraction of natural antioxidants from green tea, rosemary, clove, and oregano. Molecules. 2021;26(7). doi: 10.3390/molecules26071869, PMID 33810281.

Ikram A, Khalid W, Saeed F, Arshad MS, Afzaal M, Arshad MU. Senna: as immunity boosting herb against Covid-19 and several other diseases. J Herb Med. 2023;37:100626. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100626, PMID 36644449.

Abdulwaliyu I, et al. The nutritional potential of Senna alata seed. Int Food Res J. 2018;25(6).

Alshehri MM, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sharifi-Rad J, Tutuncu S, Aydar EF, et al. A review of recent studies on the antioxidant and anti-infectious properties of Senna plants. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:6025900. doi: 10.1155/2022/6025900, PMID 35154569.

Balasankar D, et al. Senna–A medical miracle plant. J Med Plants Stud. 2013;1(3):41-7.

Jalwal P, Middha A. Recent advances on senna as a laxative: a comprehensive review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017;6(2):349-53.

Rojas-Sandoval J. Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ’s thorn jujube). For Compend;2017:(57569).

Kazmi SMA. Some firewood species of Somalia. Somali range bulletin. 1982;13:12-7.

Salman AGA, Morsy MAA, Sayed AA. Tolerance of some Egyptian timbers to the attack of the sand termite Psammotermes hybostoma Des. ASSIUT J Agric Sci. 1987;18(4):23-9.

Umoh BI, Halilu SAD. Effect of concentrate supplementation to browsing on performance of growing rams in a semi-arid environment. Small Rumin Res. 1992;9(2):173-80. doi: 10.1016/0921-4488(92)90196-B.

Hakham E, Ritte U. Foraging pressure of the Nubian ibex Capra ibex nubiana and its effect on the indigenous vegetation of the En Gedi Nature Reserve, Israel. Biol Conserv. 1993;63(1):9-21. doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(93)90068-C.

Moustafa AEA, et al. Phenology, germination and propagation of some wild trees and shrubs in South Sinai, Egypt. Egypt J Bot. 1996;36(1):91-107.

Vashishtha BB. Ziziphus for drylands-a perennial crop solving perennial problems. Agrofor Today. 1997;9(3):10-2.

Shappira Z, Terkel J, Egozi J, Nyska A, Friedman J. Reduction of rodent fertility by plant consumption: with particular reference toZiziphus spina-christi. J Chem Ecol. 1990;16(6):2019-26. doi: 10.1007/BF01020513, PMID 24264003.

Malgras D. Medicinal trees and shrubs of the Malian savanna. Med Trees Shrubs Malian Savanna. 1992.

Glombitza KW, Mahran GH, Mirhom YW, Michel KG, Motawi TK. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Zizyphus spina-christi in rats. Planta Med. 1994;60(3):244-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-959468, PMID 8073092.

el-Din Hussein Mahran G, Glombitza KW, Mirhom YW, Hartmann R, Michel CGNovel Saponins from Zizyphus spina-christi growing in Egypt. Planta Med. 1996;62(2):163-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957842, PMID 8657752.

Kadioglu O, Jacob S, Bohnert S, Naß J, Saeed ME, Khalid H, et al. Evaluating ancient Egyptian prescriptions today: anti-inflammatory activity of Ziziphus spina-christi. Phytomedicine. 2016;23(3):293-306. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.01.004, PMID 26969383.

Taghipour MT, Nameni R, Taghipour M, Ghorat F. Phytochemical Analysis and antimicrobial Activity of Ziziphus spina-christi and Tamarix aphylla Leaves’ Extracts as Effective Treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thrita. 2020;9(2):e107776. doi: 10.5812/thrita.107776.

Abdulrahman MD, Zakariya AM, Hama HA, Hamad SW, Al-Rawi SS, Bradosty SW, et al. Ethnopharmacology, biological evaluation, and chemical composition of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.: a review. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci. 2022;2022:4495688. doi: 10.1155/2022/4495688, PMID 35677711.

Nazemoroaya Z, Sarafbidabad M, Mahdieh A, Zeini D, Nyström B. Use of Saponinosomes from Ziziphus spina-christi as anticancer drug carriers. ACS Omega. 2022;7(32):28421-33. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03109, PMID 35990496.

Soliman S, Hamoda AM, El-Shorbagi AA, El-Keblawy AA. Novel betulin derivative is responsible for the anticancer folk use of Ziziphus spina-christi from the hot environmental habitat of UAE. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;231:403-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.040, PMID 30508621.

Abdel-Zaher AO, Salim SY, Assaf MH, Abdel-Hady RH. Antidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-christi leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;101(1-3):129-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.007, PMID 16009520.

Michel CG, Nesseem DI, Ismail MF. Anti-diabetic activity and stability study of the formulated leaf extract of Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Willd with the influence of seasonal variation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(1):53-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.001, PMID 20833236.

El Seedy GM, El-Shafey ES, Elsherbiny ES. Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) fortified with Camellia sinensis mediates apoptosis, Notch-1 signaling, and mitigates obesity-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver. J Food Biochem. 2021:e13849. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13849, PMID 34245170.

Al-Ghamdi AAM, Shahat AA. Antioxidant, hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic activities of Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd (Rhamnacae) leaf extract. Trop J Pharm Res. 2017;16(11):2601-10. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v16i11.5.

Owayss AA, Elbanna K, Iqbal J, Abulreesh HH, Organji SR, Raweh HSA, et al. In vitro antimicrobial activities of Saudi honeys originating from Ziziphus spina-christi L. and Acacia gerrardii Benth. trees. Food Sci Nutr. 2020;8(1):390-401. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1320, PMID 31993165.

Elaloui M, Ghazghazi H, Ennajah A, Manaa S, Guezmir W, Karray NB, et al. Phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity of five Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd provenances and their allelopathic effects on Trigonella foenum-Graecum L. and Lens culinaris L. seeds. Nat Prod Res. 2017;31(10):1209-13. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1226830, PMID 27618365.

Singh V, Guizani N, Mohamed Es M, Shafiur Ra M, Selvaraju S. In vitro antioxidant activities of Ziziphus spina-christi fruits (red date) grown in Oman. Biotechnology. 2012;11(4):209-16. doi: 10.3923/biotech.2012.209.216.

Al-Husami R, B Abdullah A, Al-zaemey A. A study of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity to ethanolic extract of sider (Ziziphus spina-christi) leafs against some Pathogenic microorganisms. J Microbiol Exp. 2021;9(5):172-6. doi: 10.15406/jmen.2021.09.00339.

Published

2023-11-01

How to Cite

H. Amin, A. ., Al-Harbi, M. ., Rmani, A. ., Jawa, H., Qari, F. M. ., Manqari, M. M. . ., ALSHMRANI, N. A. ., T. Alghamdi, A., Almalki, A. ., . AL-Qarni, . S. H., & Ismail, A. H. . (2023). A Review of Commonly Used Medicinal Plants in The Western Region of Saudi Arabia: Life Sciences-Medicinal Sciences. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research, 13(6), L331-L348. https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.6.L331-L348

Issue

Section

Review Articles