International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research

FUNCTIONAL MICROBIAL PATHWAYS LINKING GUT DYSBIOSIS TO IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A REVIEW

2026-03-12T04:38:43-04:00

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition marked by persistent immune activation and disruption of intestinal homeostasis. Although gut dysbiosis is a consistent feature of IBD, the specific microbial species involved vary widely across patients and cohorts. In contrast, microbial functional pathways show greater consistency and represent the components of the microbiome most directly sensed by the host immune system. This review integrates findings from published experimental, clinical, and multi-omics studies investigating microbial functional pathways and immune activation in IBD. Accumulating evidence indicates that IBD is associated with increased pro-inflammatory microbial functions alongside a reduction in regulatory metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate. This review emphasizes that concentrating on microbial functional pathways elucidates how diverse microbial communities can induce analogous inflammatory responses in IBD. Understanding these conserved microbial functions may help explain the biological basis of persistent inflammation in IBD.

RECENT ADVANCES IN SURGICAL TECHNIQUES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

2026-03-15T12:45:29-04:00

Surgical practice has undergone remarkable transformation over recent decades, driven by technological advancements, enhanced understanding of human anatomy and physiology, and improvements in perioperative care. Traditionally, open surgery served as the cornerstone of operative management, providing direct visualization and manual access to anatomical structures. However, it was often associated with significant tissue trauma, prolonged hospitalization, postoperative pain, and elevated morbidity. These limitations prompted the development of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques, including laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures, which have revolutionized surgery by reducing operative trauma, accelerating recovery, minimizing complications, and expanding eligibility to high-risk patients.Early reviews of surgical advancements typically addressed isolated technologies or individual specialties, lacking an integrated, contemporary perspective. Rapid innovation has rendered much of the existing literature insufficient, highlighting the need for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary synthesis that evaluates clinical impact, technological progress, and emerging trends.This review addresses these gaps by examining recent innovations across key domains. Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) emphasizes laparoscopic and endoscopic techniques that minimize tissue disruption. Robotic-Assisted Surgery highlights improvements in precision, dexterity, and operative efficiency. Image-Guided and Navigation Surgery focuses on enhanced intraoperative visualization. 3D Printing and Patient-Specific Implants enable personalized surgical solutions, while Regenerative Surgery and Biomaterials explore advances in tissue repair. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Surgery enhance decision-making, predictive analytics, and outcome optimization. Tele-robotics and Remote Surgery extend surgical access and capabilities globally.By synthesizing these developments, this review rectifies the limitations of prior literature, offering an evidence-based, multidisciplinary perspective. It provides clinicians, researchers, and policymakers with a contemporary framework to optimize surgical care, adopt advanced technologies judiciously, and navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of modern surgery.

OPIOID-FREE ANESTHESIA: CURRENT CONCEPTS, CLINICAL EVIDENCE, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

2026-03-15T12:51:28-04:00

The practice of anesthesia is gradually changing as clinicians seek methods to reduce opioid-related adverse effects and improve postoperative recovery. In this context, opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) has gained attention as a multimodal approach that avoids the use of intraoperative opioids and instead relies on non-opioid analgesics, regional anesthesia techniques, and various adjuncts to maintain adequate analgesia and hemodynamic stability. This narrative review aims to summarize current evidence on the pharmacological basis, clinical applications, and perioperative outcomes associated with OFA. It evaluates the effectiveness of OFA in reducing opioid-related complications, examines its safety and feasibility across different surgical populations, and discusses its integration within enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols. Several studies report a reduction in postoperative nausea and vomiting, ileus, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, respiratory depression, and prolonged postoperative opioid use with OFA. However, variations in study design, patient selection, and anesthetic protocols have led to inconsistent conclusions regarding its advantages over opioid-sparing techniques. This review critically discusses the benefits, limitations, and ongoing controversies surrounding OFA, with particular focus on patient-centered outcomes and practical considerations in routine clinical practice. The potential role of OFA in addressing the broader opioid crisis is also considered. Finally, the need for standardized protocols, long-term outcome data, and individualized analgesic strategies is highlighted to guide future research and clinical application.

OKRA GUM IN FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT: PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES

2026-03-15T12:57:15-04:00

Our aim is to study the properties and applications of okra gum in formulation development. Okra gum is obtained from okra plant (Abelmoschus esculentus), a member of the Malvaceae family which is widely used as both a food ingredient and a traditional remedy. It is a natural polymer which has gained significant attention as a multifunctional pharmaceutical excipient. Its mucilage is rich in natural polysaccharides mainly composed of galactose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, along with proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Different extraction methods produced okra polysaccharides are varied with molecular weights and chain structures, leads to unique rheological behaviors. This indicates that adjusting extraction methods allows the regulation of polysaccharide interactions to obtain desired functional properties. Water-extractable okra polysaccharides show high galacturonic acid content and concentration-dependent molecular and rheological behavior. Purified fractions exhibit higher viscosity and shear-thinning, elastic characteristics at higher concentrations, while behaving more viscously at lower levels. These properties highlight their strong potential as natural thickening agents in food applications. Physicochemical properties such as swelling ability, viscosity-building capacity, film-forming behavior, and biocompatibility make it a promising alternative to synthetic polymers. Okra mucilage exhibits several biological activities, including anti diabetic, anticancer, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial effects. Recent research also studied its potential in nanotechnology-based delivery systems and as a green, sustainable excipient in modern drug delivery. Overall, okra gum represents as a versatile, eco-friendly material in pharmaceutical science. This review highlights the extraction methods, and important functional applications of okra gum in formulation development, including its roles as a binder, disintegrant, suspending agent, and controlled-release modifier.

A STUDY ON IMPACT OF CLINICAL PHARMACIST PROVIDED EDUCATION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

2025-12-15T21:10:01-05:00

Background: Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a Chronic disorder often complicated by poor knowledge, low adherence ,and uncontrolled glycemia. Clinical pharmacists play a crucial role in educating and counseling patients to improve long-term outcomes. Aim: Study on impact of clinical pharmacist provided education in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care hospital. Objective: To assess the impact of pharmacist- provided education on knowledge, self care activities and health related quality of life and glycemic control in T2DMpatients at a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted over 9 months among 305 T2DM patients. Structured Educational interventions focused on pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modification, and Self-monitoring. Pre and Post –intervention outcomes included HbA1c, FBS and PPBS, Medication Adherence and knowledge scores. Results : In a total of 305 patients,167(54.8%) were males and 138 (45.2%) were Females. A total of 227 patients (74.5%) achieved controlled glycemic levels following pharmacist interventions, whereas 78 (25.5%) remained uncontrolled despite therapy adjustments, emphasizing the importance of continuous follow-up and lifestyle modification.Drug utilization analysis revealed that 58.2% of patients were treated with monotherapy, 31.9% with combinations therapy , and 9.9% with Fixed Dose therapy. Among monotherapies, the most commonly prescribed drug was Gliclazide (14.4%), followed by Glimepiride (13.5%) and Metformin (12.05%), highlighting the predominance of sulfonylureas and biguanides as first-line agents.Most commonly prescribed insulin was Human Mixtard (19.3%).The mean HbA1c value,significant improvements in glycemic control were observed following clinical pharacist interventions. The main HbAlc level decreased from 8.6% at baseline to 7.0% at 9months, with an overall percentage reduction of approximately 19.4%which reflecting long-term glycemic control management. Similarly, Fasting blood sugar (FBS) lvels dropped from an average of 193.4mg/dL to 169.2mg/dL, Showing a mean percentage reduction of 8.13%. Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) levels also improved significantly, reducting from 201.8mg/dL to 169.1mg/dL, indicating an average reduction of 4.24% over the study period. These findings clearly demostrated the positve impact of continuous pharmacist councelling, regular follow- up and patient education on glycemic outcomes. A total of 18 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were identified.

PHYSICIAN-REPORTED EXPERIENCE WITH DAPAGLIFLOZIN IN TYPE 2 DIABETES: EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHERN INDIA

2026-03-15T13:01:23-04:00

Background:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications, contributing substantially to the global disease burden. This study aimed to evaluate the real-world safety, efficacy,and prescribing patterns of dapagliflozin in T2DM managementto support tailored diabetes care.

Methods: This questionnaire-based study included a 12-item questionnaire that evaluated physicians' perspectives and prescribing patterns related to dapagliflozin, with a specific focus on their last 10 patients with T2DM.

Results: A total of 251 physicians from southern India participated. Nearly half (44.22%) reported initiating dapagliflozin in 3-5 of their last 10 elderly patients (≥65 years). Dapagliflozin was most commonly preferred for patients with CKD (28.69%), followed by those with poor glycemic control or cardiovascular disease (27.49%). Adherence was high with 62.55% noting that 9-10 patients continued therapy for at least six months, cost was the main reason for discontinuation (41.43%). Most physicians (37.45%) reported no major concerns in elderly patients. Among female patients, 0-2 out of 10 experienced urinary tract infections (52.99%). Nearly half (47.01%) felt their patients were very satisfied with dapagliflozin. Cardiovascular protection (33.07%) and glycemic control (29.08%) were the main reasons for prescribing, and metformin was the most common add-on therapy (59.36%). Physicians also reported glycemic efficacy comparable to other sodium-glucose co transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (42.23%) and cardiovascular benefits comparable to glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) receptor agonists (49.40%). Most (55.38%) expressed a high likelihood of prescribing it in the future.

Conclusion: Physicians prefer dapagliflozin as an effective agent for both monotherapy and combination therapy in T2DM management.

CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCED BY BRUCELLA INTERMEDIA AND STUDY OF ITS BIOREMEDIATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL

2026-04-10T22:21:19-04:00

Crude oil contamination poses significant environmental challenges due to its complex mixture of hydrocarbons and organic compounds. Oil spills in soil disrupt plant growth, harm microorganisms, kill soil fauna, and contaminate water, leading to habitat loss and environmental degradation. Many bacteria are known for their potential to synthesize biosurfactant sand sustainably remediate hydrocarbon pollution. This study aimed to isolate a potential biosurfactant producing strainfrom environmental samples, optimize the nutrient and physicochemical conditions for its yield, and characterize the biosurfactant type. In addition, the antimicrobial and Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) potential was also studied using well diffusion assay and sand pack column, respectively. Among the 31 isolates, Brucella intermedia was identified as the most potent strain with emulsification value of 45%. It reduced surface tension of garage oil by 37.5%. Optimum yield was obtained in media with 6%inoculum, pH 7.2,containing 4%garage oil,0.5% tryptone and 0.3% potassium nitrate, and incubation at 30°C under shaker conditions for 48 h. Optimum biosurfactant recovery was obtained with chloroform:methanol (2:1). The crude biosurfactant contained 2.345 mg/mL carbohydrate, 1.81 mg/mL proteins and 35.77% lipids. FTIR analysis revealed key functional groups that highlight the amphiphilic nature of the biosurfactant. Studies on the antimicrobial potential of the biosurfactant indicated broad spectrum activity, with more prominent effect against Gram positive bacteria. It also recovered 65%used garage oil and 50% mixed vegetable oil, indicating its potential in MEOR. Overall, the biosurfactant producing B. intermedia strain is a potential candidate for industrial applications in the biological and environmental fields.