Mobile Phones Reduce the Penetration Ability of Human Spermatozoa And Increase the Percentage of Swollen Sperm in the Seminal Fluid of Humans.
Life Sciences -Environmental science
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.4.L41-L45Keywords:
Mobile phone, Electromagnetic Radiation, Penetration ability of spermatozoa, Seminal fluid, Swollen sperm, HOST, Infertile.Abstract
Generally, people hold mobile phones in the pocket of their pants, especially near the testes, and for that reason, the possible effects of mobile on reproductive health have become a matter of serious concern. The biological responses of such exposure caused various adverse effects on almost all biological systems. So, the present research has been proposed to study the biological responses of different duration of mobile phone usage on certain sperm functional parameters like penetration ability of spermatozoa and percentage of swollen sperm through an artificial medium (polyacrylamide) and Hypo Osmotic Swelling Test, respectively. For this, semen was collected from 65 men who used a mobile phone (SAR value 2.0 W/Kg averaged over 10gram tissue) at least 3 hours a week and kept mobile in their waist pocket. Semen was also collected from 22 men who never used mobile phones and were regarded as control. Their semen is analyzed according to the method given in the WHO laboratory manual for examining human semen, 5th edition, (2010). The results showed a highly significant (p<0.001) decreased spermatozoa penetration ability and a highly significant increased (p<0.001) level of percentage swollen spermatozoa in hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) in human subjects using mobile phones in the last 01-05 years, 06-09 years and more than 10 years of duration in comparison to non-users human subjects. Evidence from current studies suggests the potentially harmful effects of mobile phones on certain sperm functional parameters and makes the seminal fluid infertile. A further standardized study is needed to assess the risk of mobile phone use on the reproductive system.
References
TRAI, Highlights of Telecom Subscription Data as on 31st January 2022: Press Release No. 17/2022; Mar 30, 2018. Dated. Available from: https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.17of2022_0.pdf.
Roy M. Mobile phones and mobile tower radiation and its associated health hazards. Everymans Sci. 2018;9.
Stanley MA. Biological effects of radiofrequency fields. In: In Repacholi MH, editor Non-Ionizing Radiations, Physical characterization, biological effects, and health hazard assessment Proceeding for the International Non-Ionizing Radiation Workshop. Melbourne 1988. p. 197-217.
Kunjilwar KK, Behari J. Effect of amplitude-modulated radio-frequency radiation on the cholinergic system of developing rats. Brain Res. 1993 Jan 22;601(1-2):321-4. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91729-c, PMID 8431780.
Zeqiri R, Idrizi F, Halimi H. Comparison of algorithms and technologies 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G. 3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT); 2019 Oct 11. p. 1-4. doi: 10.1109/ISMSIT.2019.8932896.
Mann T. The biochemistry of semen and the male reproductive tract. London: Methuen & Go Ltd. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1964. p. p. xxiii + 493.
BROWN R. Effect of repeated ejaculation on semen and spermatozoa in man. Urol Cutan Rev. 1943;47:372.
Simeone FA. A neuromuscular mechanism in the ductus epididymis and its impairment by sympathetic denervation. Am J Physiol-Legacy Content. 1933 Feb 28;103(3):582-91. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1933.103.3.582.
Roosen‐Runge EC. Quantitative studies on spermatogenesis in the albino rat. II. The duration of spermatogenesis and some effects of colchicine. Am J Anat. 1951 Mar;88(2):163-76. doi: 10.1002/aja.1000880202, PMID 14818970.
Clermont Y. Contractile elements in the limiting membrane of the seminiferous tubules of the rat. Exp Cell Res. 1958 Oct 1;15(2):438-40. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(58)90052-1, PMID 13597909.
Tomlins SA, Mehra R, Rhodes DR, Smith LR, Roulston D, Helgeson BE et al. Chinnaiyan AM. TMPRSS2: ETV4 gene fusions define a third molecular subtype of prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 1;66(7):3396-400.
Ainsworth C, Nixon B, Aitken RJ. Development of a novel electrophoretic system for the isolation of human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod. 2005 Aug 1;20(8):2261-70. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dei024, PMID 15831507.
O’connor MJ, Martin NM, Smith GC. Targeted cancer therapies based on the inhibition of DNA strand break repair. Oncogene. 2007 Dec;26(56):7816-24. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210879, PMID 18066095.
Rodríguez-Martínez H. State of the art in farm animal sperm evaluation. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2007;19(1):91-101. doi: 10.1071/rd06104, PMID 17389138.
Lorton SP, Kummerfeld HL, Foote RH. Polyacrylamide as a substitute for cervical mucus in sperm migration tests. Fertil Steril. 1981 Feb 1;35(2):222-5. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45327-6, PMID 7202747.
WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2010.
Stanger JD, Vo L, Yovich JL, Almahbobi G. Hypo-osmotic swelling test identifies individual spermatozoa with minimal DNA fragmentation. Reprod Biomed Online. 2010 Oct 1;21(4):474-84. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.06.026, PMID 20833108.
Zubair M, Lodhi LA, Ahmad E, Muhammad G. Hypo osmotic swelling test as screening for evaluation of semen of bull. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2013;1(6):124-8.
Ollero M, Gil-Guzman E, Lopez MC, Sharma RK, Agarwal A, Larson K, et al. Characterization of subsets of human spermatozoa at different stages of maturation: implications in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Hum Reprod. 2001 Sep 1;16(9):1912-21. doi: 10.1093/humrep/16.9.1912, PMID 11527898.
Gil-Guzman E, Ollero M, Lopez MC, Sharma RK, Alvarez JG, Thomas Jr AJ et al. Differential production of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa subsets at different maturation stages. Hum Reprod. 2001 Sep 1;16(9):1922-30. doi: 10.1093/humrep/16.9.1922, PMID 11527899.
World Health Organization. Laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
Kruger TF, Acosta AA, Simmons KF, Swanson RJ, Matta JF, Veeck LL, et al. A new method of evaluating sperm morphology with predictive value for human in vitro fertilization. Urology. 1987 Sep 1;30(3):248-51. doi: 10.1016/0090-4295(87)90246-9, PMID 3629768.
Huszar G, Sbracia M, Vigue L, Miller DJ, Shur BD. Sperm plasma membrane remodeling during spermiogenetic maturation in men: the relationship among plasma membrane β 1, 4-galactosyltransferase, cytoplasmic creatine phosphokinase, and creatine phosphokinase isoform ratios. Biol Reprod. 1997 Apr 1;56(4):1020-4. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod56.4.1020, PMID 9096886.
Mailankot M, Kunnath AP, Jayalekshmi H, Koduru B, Valsalan R. Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(6):561-5. doi: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000600011, PMID 19578660.
Negi P, Singh R. Association between reproductive health and nonionizing radiation exposure. Electromagn Biol Med. 2021 Jan 2;40(1):92-102. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1874973, PMID 33471575.
Agbaje IM, McVicar CM, Schock BC, McClure N, Atkinson AB, Rogers D, et al. Increased concentrations of the oxidative DNA adduct 7, 8-dihydro-8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine in the germ-line of men with type 1 diabetes. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;16(3):401-9. doi: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60602-5, PMID 18339265.
Lewis SE, Agbaje I, Alvarez J. Sperm DNA tests as useful adjuncts to semen analysis. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2008 Jan 1;54(3):111-25. doi: 10.1080/19396360801957739, PMID 18570047.
Okechukwu CE. Does the use of mobile phones affect male fertility? A mini-review. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2020 Jul;13(3):174-83. doi: 10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_126_19, PMID 33311902.
Saleh RA, Agarwal A. Oxidative stress and male infertility: from the research bench to clinical practice. J Androl. 2002 Nov 12;23(6):737-52. PMID 12399514.
Gautam R, Priyadarshini E, Nirala J, Rajamani P. Impact of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation on male infertility: an assessment of the mechanism and consequences. Int J Radiat Biol. 2022 Jun 3;98(6):1063-73. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1859154, PMID 33264041.
Kesari KK, Behari J. Evidence for mobile phone radiation exposure effects on reproductive pattern of male rats: role of ROS. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012 Sep 1;31(3):213-22. doi: 10.3109/15368378.2012.700292, PMID 22897402.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Dr. Asit Kumar, Late A.K. Dubey
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
