Detection of X-Chromosome Inversions in Anopheles Pharoensis Collected from Egypt and Sudan by PCR Assay
Life Sciences -Biology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.4.L158-L166Keywords:
Anopheles Pharoensis, Egypt, PCR, Sudan, X-chromosomes Inversions.Abstract
Globally, the WHO estimated 241 million malaria cases with 627000 deaths in Africa in 2020. Studying inversions in the X-chromosomes could detect behavioral changes and efficiency of transmission of Malaria in Anopheles phronesis species. These changes may lead to shifting from becoming a major vector of Malaria after the inability to transmit Malaria. The knowledge of the malaria transmission pattern of Anopheles pharoensis in Sudan needs to be improved. We aimed to detect the presence of any inversions or mutations in Anopheles pharoensis species collected from Egypt and Sudan and to undergo a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique to detect mutations or X-chromosome inversions in the Sudanese and Egyptian strains of Anopheles pharoensis also to compare between the X-chromosome of the two species. It is an experimental, analytical study that aimed to detect inversions in the X –chromosomes of Anopheles phronesis collected from Egypt (Faiyoum Governate) and Sudan (Khartoum, Gezira, and Sennar states) of Sudanese Mosquito species. From the gel electrophoresis and PCR assay, inversions were detected by the 100Bp PCR products using primers. Only very few revealed bands from 75 Egyptian strains were detected by bands. The study revealed that Anopheles pharoensis species collected from Egypt have X- chromosome inversions. Inversions were absent in the Sudanese strains. The study also reacted to the fact that Anopheles phronesis could be a sibling species or a species complex, but further studies are needed to prove this. From the results and observations of this investigation, it was recommended to undergo further genetic studies on Anopheles species in Sudan and use of PCR technique in the classification.
References
Global vector hub; 2020. Global Vector Hub [cited Feb 10, 2023]. Available from: https://globalvectorhub.tghn.org/.
CDC. CDC – parasites – Malaria [online]; 2021. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html#:~:text=In%202020%20an%20estimated%20241 [cited 4/20/2023].
Mattah PAD, Futagbi G, Amekudzi LK, Mattah MM, de Souza DK, Kartey-Attipoe WD, et al. Diversity in breeding sites and distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes in selected urban areas of southern Ghana. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1941-3, PMID 28086941.
Kenawy MA, Gad A. Elsaid, S.and A., Merdan(1982).Field studies on Anopheline mosquito larvae in Egypt( Diptera: Culicidae). J Egypt Public Health Assoc;57(5-6):541-62.
Soliman AA, Rifaat MA, Ibrahim MTH. Biology of Egyptian Anophilines (biological activity of Anopheles pharoensis in nature). Cairo, Egypt: Ain Shams University; 1967.
Kenawy M, Elsaid S, J, C, Bier. Anopheles population dynamics in two Malaria endemic villages in Faiyoum Governate Egypt. Journal Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1986;2(2):158-63.
Soliman AA, 1979. Entomological and parasitological studies about Malaria and its responsible vectors in Egypt.Annual report no.2 office of naval research contract no.14-77.G.O.044.
Kenawy MA. Development and survival of Anopheles pharoensis and An. Multicolor from Faiyum, Egypt. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7(4):551-5. PMID 1787399.
Morsy TA, Elkadery AA, Salama MMI, Sabry AH, IMA, Elsharkawy. Studies on the bionomics and vector competence of Adult Anopheline Mosquitoes in FaiyoumGovernate, Egypt. Journal Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1995;25(1):213-44.
Wassim NM. Secondary structure and sequence of ITS2-rDNA of the Egyptian malaria vector Anopheles phronesis (Theobald). J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2014;44(1):197-204. doi: 10.12816/0006459, PMID 24961025.
El Safi SH, Haridi AM. Field trial of the insect growth regulator, Dimilin, to control Anopheles pharoensis in Gezira, Sudan. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1986;2(3):374-5. PMID 3148687.
Naumenko AN, Karagodin DA, Yurchenko AA, Moskaev AV, Martin OI, Baricheva EM et al. Chromosome and Genome Divergence between the Cryptic Eurasian Malaria Vector-Species Anopheles message and Anopheles Daciae. Genes. 2020;11(2):165. doi: 10.3390/genes11020165, PMID 32033356.
Van Rensburg AJ, Hunt RH, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M, Shiff CJ, Minjas J. The polymerase chain reaction method is a tool for identifying members of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Tanzania. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996;12(2 Pt 1):271-4. PMID 8827604.
Coulibaly MB, Pombi M, Caputo B, Nwakanma D, Jawara M, Konate L et al. PCR-based karyotyping of Anopheles gambiae inversion 2Rj identifies the Bamako chromosomal form. Malar J. 2007;6:133. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-133, PMID 17908310.
Norris LC, Douglas E. Norris; 2015Phylogeny of Anopheline in Southern Africa based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Journal of the Society for vector ecology,40(1):16-27.
WHO. Larval source management: an extra measure for malaria vector control [online]; 2013. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241505604 [cited 4/20/2023].
Santolamazza F, Della Torre A, Caccone A. Short report: A new polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to identify Anopheles arabiensis from An. Gambiae and its two molecular forms from degraded DNA templates or museum samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70(6):604-6. doi 10.4269/atm.2004.70.604, PMID 15210999.
Badawi NA [MSc thesis]. University of Khartoum; 2002.” Genetic characterization of Housefly Musca domestica.
Wittmeier, Humme. Agarose gel electrophoresis to assess PCR product yield: comparison with spectrometry fluorometry and qPCR. Bioteqchniques vol. Vol. 72(4); 2022.
Akeju AV, Titus A. Ollusi and Iyabo A. Simon-oke. Sci Rep. 2022. Molecular identification and wing variation among malaria vectors in Akure north local government area, Nigeria;7674:(2022C)12.
Hamza AM, Abukashawa SA MA.2014. Molecular characterization of mosquitoes of anopheles gambaiespecies complex from Sudan and the Republic of Southern Sudan. Journal of Mosquito Research 4(1).
Garros C, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M, Coosemans M, S, Manguin. A single multiplex assay to identify major Malaria vectors within the African Anopheles funestus and the original Anopheles minimus group. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;7(6):583-90.
Barron MaiteG, Christophepaupy, Nilrahola, Ousmanakoneella MF. Ngangue,Theodela,Wilson Bahun, Marcopombi, Pierekengne, Carlocostantini, Fredricsimard, Josefagonzalez, Diegoayala. Vectorial Evol Anopheles Gambiae Complex. 2018 .Digitalcsic. es.
Mash air Sir Elka Tim, Zairijaal, sumia Abukashawa, Sitiazizah Mohammed Norp. Malar J 19. 2021 Population genetics of Anopheles arabiensis the primary vector in the republic of Sudan; 469:20 (1).
Gregory C. lanzaro and yoosook lee, 2016. Speciation in Anopheles gambiae is the distribution of genetic polymorphism and patterns of reproductive isolation among natural populations—Anopheles mosquitos' book edited by Sylviemanguin.
Yoosooklee. Traviscllier, Michelle R Sanford, Clare D marsden, Abdelrhman Efofana, Anthony J cornel, Gregory Clanzaro, (2013). Chromosome inversions genomic differentiation and speciation in the African malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. PLOS ONE. 2013;8(3):e57887.
Frank H. collins, Lunakamau, Hilary A. Ranson and john M.vulule. Bull World Health Organ. 2000 molecular entomology and malaria control;78(12).
Lobo NF. Brandy St. Laurent and Frank H. Vol. 5. Collins; 2015.Unexpected diversity of anopheles species in eastern Zambia implications for evaluating vector behavior and interventions using molecular tools. Science report. p. 17952.
V.Petrarca,A.D.Nugud,M.A.Ahmed,A.M.Haridi,M.A.Deco,Mcolluzzi. Cytogenetics of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Sudan with special reference to an arabiensis: relationships with east and west African populations. Med Vet Entomol. 2000,14(2);2000:149-64.
A.sharma, Timoshevskiy VA, sharakhova mV, sharakhov iV. Nicholas. Kinney. Genes. 2020. Structural variation of the X chromosome heterochromatin in the Anopheles gambiae complex;11(3):327.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Najlaa Siddig Nasir, Fatima Fadul Ali, Fatima M. Mohamed, Mohamed Osman Elamin, Ali M. Alshehri, Hatim M. Badri, Hatim A. Natto, Mashael Alfaifi, Ahmed A. Osman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
