Effect of Endurance and Breathing Training Versus Circuit and Breathing Training On Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive Overweight Adults
Life Sciences-Physiotherapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.2.L88-L98Keywords:
Blood Pressure, Prehypertension, Circuit Training, Endurance Training, and OverweightAbstract
Hypertension is one among the leading risk factor for mortality and it is called as “the silent killer”. The new creation of the term ‘prehypertension’ classification by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure JNC 7 guidelines has provided a new path to the researchers to examine this group separately as it decreases the average life expectancy by as much as five years. Physical activity in the form of regular aerobic exercise has been proven in prevention of high blood pressure as well as the lowering of blood pressure among all levels of hypertension. The circuit training and endurance training exercises are known to reduces both systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure along with improvement of health related quality of life. Breathing training exercises is the only simple method to improve respiratory control to reduce the blood pressure in prehypertensive individuals. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of endurance and breathing training versus circuit and breathing training on blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference and quality of life in pre hypertensive overweight adults. This is an experimental design with pre and post comparative study. The subjects of 25-40 years of overweight both male and female, clinically diagnosed with prehypertension were included in the study. Those with known cardiac, pulmonary, neurological and musculoskeletal disorders were excluded in the study.40 subjects were randomly assigned into two groups, Group A received endurance training with breathing exercise while Group B received circuit training and breathing exercise for 12 weeks and 5 sessions per week. The outcome measures were blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference and quality of life. The outcome tools were sphygmomanometer, weighing machine, Stadiometer, inch tape and SF 36 Short-Form 36 Questionnaire. On comparing Pre-test and Post-test within Group A and Group B on blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference and quality of life shows a significant difference in mean values at P<0.001. Thus this study concludes that 12 weeks of circuit training and breathing exercise reduces blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference and improves the quality of life in pre hypertensive overweight adults.
References
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6-e245. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad, PMID 23239837.
Najjar SS, Scuteri A, Lakatta EG. Arterial aging: is it an immutable cardiovascular risk factor? Hypertension. 2005;46(3):454-62. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000177474.06749.98, PMID 16103272.
Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ, Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 2002;360(9343):1347-60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11403-6, PMID 12423980.
Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217-23. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17741-1, PMID 15652604.
Dr. Alan Maryon-Davis. Hypertension:the silent killer.Faculty of Public Health Briefing Statement. Faculty of Public Health of the Royal colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom.London.May. 2005.
Gupta R. Trends in hypertension epidemiology in Indian. J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18(2):73-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001633, PMID 14730320.
Rodgers A, Lawes C, MacMahon S. Reducing the global burden of blood pressure-related cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens Suppl. 2000;18(1):S3-6. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200018010-00002. PMID 10939783.
Hay J. A British Medical Association Lecture on The significance of a raised blood pressure. Br Med J. 1931;2(3679):43-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.3679.43, PMID 20776269.
Yadav S, Boddula R, Genitta G, Bhatia V, Bansal B, Kongara S, et al. Prevalence & risk factors of pre-hypertension & hypertension in an affluent north Indian population. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128(6):712-20. PMID 19246794.
Shah B. STEPS survey report India. Development of sentinel health monitoring centres for surveillance of risk factors of NCD in India. Step Wise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance; 2004.
Das SK, Sanyal K. Basu of urban community survey in India:growing trend of high prevalence of hypertension in a developing country. Int J Med Sci. 2005;2(2).
Srinivas S, Sathyaprasad K, Ramdas KCPRS, Tajuddin RRP.Prevalence of prehypertension in adult population of rural Andhra Pradesh.Asian Journal of biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. 2013;3(23):45-8.
Prabhakaran D, Shah P, Chaturvedi V, Ramakrishnan L, Manhapra A, Reddy KS. Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence among men in a large industry of northern India. Natl Med J India. 2005;18(2):59-65. PMID 15981439.
Mungreiphy NK, Dhall M, Tyagi R, Saluja K, Kumar A, Tungdim MG, et al. Ethnicity, obesity and health pattern among Indian population. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2012;3(1):52-9. doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.95955, PMID 22690052.
Gupta R, Deedwania PC, Achari V, Bhansali A, Gupta BK, Gupta A, et al. Normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension in urban middle-class subjects in India: prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(1):83-94. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hps013, PMID 23382331.
Bhardwaj R, Kandori A, Marwah R, Vaidya P, Singh B, Dhiman P, et al. Prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in rural communities of Himachal Pradesh. J Assoc Physicians India. 2010;58:423-29. PMID 21121207.
Pletcher MJ, Bibbins-Domingo KB, Lewis CE, Wei GS, Sidney S, Carr JJ, et al. Prehypertension during young adulthood and coronary calcium later in life. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(2):91-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-149-2-200807150-00005, PMID 18626048.
Ferguson TS, Younger N, Tulloch-Reid MK, Lawrence-Wright MB, Forrester TE, Cooper RS, et al. Progression from prehypertension to hypertension in a Jamaican cohort: incident hypertension and its predictors. West Indian Med J. 2010;59(5):486-93. PMID 21473394.
Tadvi AY et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2016 December;3(12):3325-31.
Kini S, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension among young adults (20-30 years) in costal villages of Udupi District in Southern India, an Alarming Scenario Plos One [journal]. April 29, 2016;10:1371.
Panesar S, Chaturvedi S, Saini N, Avasthi R, Singh A Prevalence and predictors of hypertension among residents aged 20-59 years of a slum-resettlement colony in Delhi, India. WHO South-East Asia J Public Health. 2013;2(2). doi: 10.4103/2224-3151.122937.
Ahmed S. Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among adults residing in an urban area of North India. Int J Pure App Bio Sci. 2015;3(2):338-44.
Prabakaran J, Vijayalakshmi N, et al. Prevalence of hypertension among urban adult population of 25-64 years of Nellore. Int J Res Dev Health. 2013;1(2):21-5.
Picone DS. Accuracy of Cuff-Measured Blood Pressure: systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses by Journal of American College of Cardiology. 2017;70(5):572-86.
Kravitz L. The Fitness Professional’s Complete Guide to Circuits and Intervals. Available from: http://www.drlenkravitz.com [cited 19/11/2022].
Klika B, Jordan C. High-intensity circuit training using body weight. ACSM Health Fit J. 2013;17(3):8-13. doi: 10.1249/FIT.0b013e31828cb1e8.
Harris KA, Holly RG. Physiological response to circuit weight training in borderline hypertensive subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19(3):246-52. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198706000-00011, PMID 3600238.
Malarvizhi D, et al. Effect of treadmill training vs high intensity circuit training in overweight individuals. Int J Clin Skills. 2017;11(1):35-40.
Guimarães GV, Ciolac EG, Carvalho VO, D’Avila VM, Bortolotto LA, Bocchi EA. Effects of continuous vs. interval exercise training on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in treated hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2010;33(6):627-32. doi: 10.1038/hr.2010.42, PMID 20379194.
Belardinelli R Exercise training in chronic heart failure: how to harmonize oxidative stress, sympathetic outflow, and angiotensin II. Circulation. 2007;115(24):3042-4. doi: 10.1161/Circulation AHA.107.709329. PMID 17576880.
Lamina S, Okoye G, Anele T, Ezema C, Ezugwu A. Effect of interval training program on rate-pressure product in the management of hypertension in black African male subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Niger J Basic Clin Sci. 2013;10(1):17-24. doi: 10.4103/0331-8540.117236.
Yokogawa M, Kurebayashi T, Ichimura T, Nishino M, Miaki H, Nakagawa T. Comparison of two instructions for deep breathing exercise: non-specific and diaphragmatic breathing. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018;30(4):614-8. doi: 10.1589/jpts.30.614, PMID 29706718.
Tomich GM, França DC, Diório AC, Britto RR, Sampaio RF, Parreira VF. Breathing pattern, thoracoabdominal motion and muscular activity during three breathing exercises. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007;40(10):1409-17. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000165, PMID 17713643.
Pescatello LS, et al. ACSMs guidelines for exercise testing and prescription; 2014(9th Edition).
Oja P, Titze S, Bauman A, de Geus B, Krenn P, Reger-Nash B, et al. Health benefits of cycling: A Systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21(4):496-509. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01299.x, PMID 21496106.
Mirgain SA, Care PD. Whole health: change the conversation clinical tool: the power of breath.
Rama S, Ballentine R, Hymes A. Science of breath: A practical guide. Honesdale, PA: Himalayan Institute Press; 1998. p. 26-44.
Adedapo AD, Akunne OO, Adedokun BO Comparative assessment of determinants of health-related quality of life in hypertensive patients and normal population in south-west Nigeria. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;53(3):265-71. doi: 10.5414/CP202257. PMID 25613540.
Konerman M, et al. SF Health Survey Measures are associated with decreased adherence among urban African- Americans with severe poorly controlled hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2001;13(5):385-90.
Gusmão JL, Mion D, Pierin AM. Health-related quality of life and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with and without complications. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(7):619-28. doi: 10.1590/S1807- 59322009000700003, PMID 19606236.
Jafari H,et al. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the SF – 36 questionnaire; J of Post grad Med;2008; 54(4):273-5.
Xu X, Rao Y, Shi Z, Liu L, Chen C, Zhao Y Hypertension Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life: a Cross-Sectional Survey among Middle-Aged Adults in Chongqing, China. Int J Hypertens. 2016;2016:7404957. doi: 10.1155/2016/7404957. PMID 27630771.
Kokkinos PF, Narayan P, Fletcher RD, Tsagadopoulos D, Papademetriou V. Effects of aerobic training on exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise in African-Americans with severe systemic hypertension treated with indapamide +/- verapamil +/- enalapril. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(10):1424-6. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00158-6, PMID 9165176.
Cleroux J, Kauame N, Nadeau A, Coulombe D, Lacourciere Y. After effects of exercise on regional and systemic hemodynamics in hypertension. Hypertension;19922(19):183-91.
Floras JS, Sinkey CA, Aylward PE, Seals DR, Thoren PN, Mark AL. Postexercise hypotension and sympathoinhibition in borderline hypertensive men. Hypertension. 1989;14(1):28-35. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.14.1.28, PMID 2737735.
Gibala MJ, Little JP, Macdonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol. 2012 march 1;590(5):1077-84. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224725, PMID 22289907.
Cadore EL, Izquierdo M. Exercise interventions in polypathological aging patients that coexist with diabetes mellitus: improving functional status and quality of life. Age (Dordr). 2015 June;37(3):64. doi: 10.1007/s11357-015-9800-2, PMID 26054595.
Pal S, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Ho S. Potential benefits of exercise on blood pressure and vascular function. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2013;7(6):494-506. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2013.07.004, PMID 23992766.
Bartlett JD, Close GL, MacLaren DP, Gregson W, Drust B, Morton JP. High-intensity interval running is perceived to be more enjoyable than moderate-intensity continuous exercise: implications for exercise adherence. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(6):547-53. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.545427, PMID 21360405.
Oken BS, Zajdel D, Kishiyama S, Flegal K, Dehen C, Haas M et al. Randomized, controlled, six-month trial of yoga in healthy seniors: effects on cognition and quality of life. Altern Ther Health Med. 2006;12(1):40-7. PMID 16454146.
Greenlund KJ, Croft JB, Mensah GA. Prevalence of heart disease and stroke risk factors in persons with prehypertension in the United States, 1999-2000. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(19):2113-8. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.19.2113, PMID 15505124.
Mainous AG III, Everett CJ, Liszka H, King DE, Egan BM. Prehypertension and mortality in a nationally representative cohort. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(12):1496-500. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.08.026, PMID 15589003.
WHO. World Health Day,A Report on hypertension. San Francisco Burden of disease and injury study -- the determinants of health, high blood pressure: what can be done?; 2013.
Cornelissen VA, Smart NA. Exercise Training for Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(1):e004473. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.004473, PMID 23525435.
Svetkey LP. Mnagement of Prehypertension,Journal of hypertension; 2005, May 16.
Venturelli M, Cè E, Limonta E, Schena F, Caimi B, Carugo S et al.. Effects of endurance, circuit, and relaxing training on cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive elderly patients. Age (Dordr). 2015;37(5):101. doi: 10.1007/s11357-015-9835-4. PMID 26381921.
Grotto I, Grossman E, Huerta M, Sharabi Y. Prevalence of prehypertension and associated cardiovascular risk profiles among young Israeli adults. Hypertension. 2006;48(2):254-9. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000227507.69230.fc, PMID 16754794.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Statement on role of genes in high blood pressure And Benjamin EJ, et al. Heart disease and Stroke statistics -- 2019 update: a report from the American Heart. Association. 2019;13(910):e1-e473.
Getty AK, Wisdo TR, Chavis LN, Derella CC, McLaughlin KC, Perez AN, et al. Effects of circuit exercise training on vascular health and blood pressure. Prev Med Rep. 2018;10:106-12. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.02.010, PMID 29850395.
Sinha R, van den Heuvel WJ, Arokiasamy P. Validity and Reliability of MOS Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) for Use in India. Indian J Community Med. 2013;38(1):22-6. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.106623, PMID 23559699.
Jaiswal AV, Kazi AH, Gunjal SB. Effectiveness of Interval Training versus Circuit Training Exercises on Blood Pressure, heart rate and Rate of Perceived Exertion in individuals with Prehypertension. Int J Health Sci Res. 2015 October vol - 05(10).
Joseph CN, Porta C, Casucci G, Casiraghi N, Maffeis M, Rossi M, et al. Slow breathing improves arterial baroreflex sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;46(4):714-8. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000179581.68566.7d, PMID 16129818.
McKelvie RS, Moe GW, Cheung A, Costigan J, Ducharme A, Estrella-Holder E et al.. The 2011 Canadian Cardiovascular Society heart failure management guidelines update: focus on sleep apnea, renal dysfunction, mechanical circulatory support, and palliative care. Can J Cardiol. 2011;27(3):319-38. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.03.011. PMID 21601772.
American Heart Association Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults.heart.org.
Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, Ogedegbe G, Bisognano JD, Elliott WJ, et al. Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (AHA). Hypertension. 2013;61(6):1360-83. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0b013e318293645f, PMID 23608661.
Gill A, Kok G, et al. The psychological effects of strength exercises in people who are Overweight or obese:A systematic review. Vol. 47. Sports Publishing Med;2017.p.2069-81.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 K. Saraswathi, Koushik Kumar Nandhagopal, G. Rajalakshmi, G. Thirulogachandar, K. Muthulakshmi, P. Revathi, B. Aishwarya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
