Diabetes Ketoacidosis Is a Cause of Concern in Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors Medication
Pharmaceutical Science-Pharmaceutics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.SP1.P55-P67Keywords:
Diabetes Ketoacidosis, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor, Ketogenesis, Type-1 Diabetes, Type-2 DiabetesAbstract
Abstract: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a dangerous complication that can afflict persons with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and is caused by a lack of glucose utilization and insulin generation. DKA is diagnosed by observing the anion gap values, blood glucose level, pH, serum bicarbonate level, and so on. DKA is associated with an elevated blood glucose of > 250 mg/dl (16.7 mmol/l) and is diagnosed by observing the values of anion gap, blood glucose level, pH, serum bicarbonate level, and so on. It occurs more frequently in type 1 diabetics with low insulin levels. Sodium-glucose Co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are a novel family of anti-diabetic medications that lower blood glucose levels and produce glucosuria. The US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) has issued a drug safety warning about the increased risk of DKA when using SGLT-2 inhibitors. Following the USFDA's warning, the European Medicine Agency reported 101 more cases of ketoacidosis caused by SGLT-2 inhibitors in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (EMA). According to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, all SGLT-2 inhibitors should be stopped 3-4 days before major surgery and 24 hours before elective surgery. This review article focuses on the metabolism of ketone bodies and many pathophysiologic mechanisms of SGLT-2 inhibitors, which lower insulin/glucagon ratios, promote glucagon secretion from alpha cells, and increase ketones levels by stimulating lipolysis and resulting in ketogenesis. The primary goal of this study is to improve our understanding of a significant consequence of DKA caused by sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Psychosocial factors linked to diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 1 diabetes, as well as the prevalence of DKA in COVID-19 patients, have been linked to higher severity of mortality and duration of stay in these patients, according to recent research.
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