Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Resistance Among Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from The Clinical Specimens in Secondary Referral Hospital
Pharmaceutical Science-Pharmacy Practice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2022.12.6.P234-239Keywords:
Antimicrobial Resistance, Enterobacteriaceae, Isolated Bacteria, And SensitivityAbstract
The aim of our study is to assess the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance to the bacterial pathogens isolated from patient specimens. The main objectives are to evaluate the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance to the bacterial pathogens isolated from patient specimens, to determine the proportion of antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance against specific antibiotics by bacterial pathogens isolated from various specimens collected and to assess the difference in Resistance of bacterial isolates to various antibiotics within different years. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the ten threats identified by the World Health Organization in 2019. Approximately 0.7 million people die every year from AMR. The WHO estimates 350,000,000 deaths could be caused by AMR by 2050. For three years the retrospective observational study was conducted among all the age groups of people. Antibiograms were used based on CLSI guidelines. A total of 2430 samples, 1226 males and 1204 females, are there. The samples were collected by different types like Urine Blood, Pus, Tissue culture, Stool culture, swab culture, CSF, and other fluids. Among all the isolated bacteria E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter were more isolated and were more resistant to the penicillins and cephalosporins category of drugs. The study shows that isolated gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, cefepime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone. So, these drugs can be replaced with organism-sensitive antibiotics like amikacin, chloramphenicol, colistin, and gentamicin to treat bacterial infections. When compared to year to year, the resistance will be increased.
References
DUTTA TK. Alternative therapeutic approaches in the era of antimicrobial resistance: an overview. Indian J Anim Health. 2020;59(1):23. doi: 10.36062/ijah.59.1.2020.23-28.
Uchil RR, Kohli GS, Katekhaye VM, Swami OC. Strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(7):ME01-4. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/8925.4529, PMID 25177596.
Laxminarayan R, Chaudhury RR. Antibiotic resistance in India: drivers and opportunities for action. PLOS Med. 2016;13(3):e1001974. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001974, PMID 26934098.
Kanungo R. Rationalizing antibiotic use through a robust policy, antibiotic stewardship, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic principles. J Curr Res Sci Med. 2018;4(1):1. doi: 10.4103/jcrsm.jcrsm_8_18.
Pal P, Chaudhuri A, Ray K, Banerjee S. Antimicrobial resistance: causes and impact on public health in developed and developing countries. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2020;0:1. doi: 10.5455/ijmsph.2020.1234026122019.
Landers TF, Cohen B, Wittum TE, Larson EL. A review of antibiotic use in food animals: perspective, policy, and potential. Public Health Rep. 2012;127(1):4-22. doi: 10.1177/003335491212700103, PMID 22298919.
2019, The Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance meets the World Health Organization (WHO). J Glob Antimicrob Resist;18:305-8.
Ouedraogo AS, Jean Pierre H, Bañuls AL, Ouédraogo R, Godreuil S. Emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in West Africa: contributing factors and threat assessment. Med Sante Trop. 2017;27(2):147-54. doi: 10.1684/mst.2017.0678, PMID 28655675.
Khanal S, Khadka U, Dhungel L. Antimicrobial resistance: scoping review article. IJMBioS. 2017;2(4):1-3. doi: 10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i4.31.
Hart CA, Kariuki S. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. BMJ. 1998;317(7159):647-50. doi: 10.1136/bmj.317.7159.647, PMID 9727995.
Beyene G, Tsegaye W. Bacterial in urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Jimma University specialized hospital, southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2011;21(2):141-6. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v21i2.69055, PMID 22434993.
Yismaw O, Negeri C, Kassu A, et al. A five-year antimicrobial resistance pattern was observed in Shigella species isolated from stool samples in Gondar University Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2006 .46851, doi: 10.4314/ejhd.v20i3.
Abebe M, Tadesse S, Meseret G, Derbie A. Type of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance profile from different clinical samples at a Referral Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia: five years data analysis. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):568. doi: 10.1186/s13104-019-4604-6, PMID 31511033.
Lepage P, Bogaerts J, Van Goethem C, Ntahorutaba M, Nsengumuremyi F, Hitimana DG, et al. Community acquired bacteremia in African children. Lancet. 1987;1(8548):1458-61. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92207-0, PMID 2885453.
Lohiya A, Kant S, Kapil A, Gupta SK, Misra P, Rai SK. Pattern of antibiotic Resistance Among Community Derived Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae Using urine Sample: A Study From Northern India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(7):LC15-9. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/14230.6254, PMID 26393150.
Komolafe AO, Adegoke AA. Incidence of bacterial septicemia in Ile- Ifemetropolis, Nigeria. Malays J Microbiol. 2008;4(2):51-61.
Willett WC, Radojcic V. Urinary tract pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity patterns in Dar es Salaam. East Afr Med J. 1976;53(12):685-92. PMID 1024815.
Maselle SY, Ipuge YA, Mhalu FS, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of important urinary bacterial pathogens in MuhimbiliMedical Centre, Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam medical journal. 1980;8:35-40.
Amin ET, Njumkeng C, Kika BT, Fualefac A, Njukeng P. Pattern of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial isolates from urogenital clinical specimens: A descriptive Study from the Buea health district, Cameroon. Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2018;5(2):101-8. doi: 10.1007/s40801-018-0132-2, PMID 29651691.
Haug JB, Harthug S, Kalager T, Digranes A, Solberg CO et al. Antimicrobial agents in Dar es Salaam. East Afr Med J. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 19:246-25. 1999;76:330-334.25:1974-9 and 1988-9: changing etiology, clinical features, and outcome.
Leopold SJ, van Leth F, Tarekegn H, Schultsz C. Antimicrobial drug resistance among clinically relevant bacterial isolates in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(9):2337-53. doi: 10.1093/jac/dku176, PMID 24879668.
Abebe M, Tadesse S, Meseret G, Derbie A. Type of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance profile from different clinical samples at a Referral Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia: five years data analysis. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):568. doi: 10.1186/s13104-019-4604-6, PMID 31511033.
Available from: https://ncdc.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/82438677601599818025.pdf.
Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/narms/index.html.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 Raghu Prakash Reddy, Dcs Naveen Kumar, Harshitha Gonuguntla, Sai Tharun Vijay Mandala, Narayana Goruntla, Bogireddy Sahithi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
